In this third week of our spiritual
journey through Lent, the Scripture readings remind us of what we might call
the “Moses stage” of salvation history, and also drive home the theme of
repentance during this holy season.
1. Our First Reading is Ex 3:1-8a, 13-1:
1. Our First Reading is Ex 3:1-8a, 13-1:
Moses was tending the flock of his father-in-law Jethro,
the priest of Midian.
Leading the flock across the desert, he came to Horeb,
the mountain of God.
There an angel of the LORD appeared to Moses in fire
flaming out of a bush.
As he looked on, he was surprised to see that the bush,
though on fire, was not consumed.
So Moses decided,
“I must go over to look at this remarkable sight,
and see why the bush is not burned.”
When the LORD saw him coming over to look at it more closely,
God called out to him from the bush, “Moses! Moses!”
He answered, “Here I am.”
God said, “Come no nearer!
Remove the sandals from your feet,
for the place where you stand is holy ground.
I am the God of your fathers,” he continued,
“the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, the God of Jacob.”
Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God.
But the LORD said,
“I have witnessed the affliction of my people in Egypt
and have heard their cry of complaint against their slave drivers,
so I know well what they are suffering.
Therefore I have come down to rescue them
from the hands of the Egyptians
and lead them out of that land into a good and spacious land,
a land flowing with milk and honey.”
Moses said to God, “But when I go to the Israelites
and say to them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’
if they ask me, ‘What is his name?’ what am I to tell them?”
God replied, “I am who am.”
Then he added, “This is what you shall tell the Israelites:
I AM sent me to you.”
God spoke further to Moses, “Thus shall you say to the Israelites:
The LORD, the God of your fathers,
the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, the God of Jacob,
has sent me to you.
“This is my name forever;
thus am I to be remembered through all generations.”
The First Readings during Lent are
intended to help teach us, or at least remind us, about the broad strokes of
God’s history with the people of Israel. Last week we had the reading
about the “covenant between the pieces” in Genesis 15, which called to mind for
us the “Abraham stage” or “patriarchal stage” of salvation history. This
week, in the First Reading, Psalm, and Second Reading, we are reminded of the “Moses
stage”—the Exodus from Egypt, the crossing of the Red Sea, the journey to
Sinai, the giving of the Law, the wilderness wanderings, and finally Moses’
death on the borders of the Promised Land.
If we read the broader context of both passages, we see the connection between last week’s First Reading and this week’s. Last week, when God made the covenant with Abraham, he predicted to Abraham that his descendants would go down to Egypt an become very numerous there, until God led them out into the Land of Canaan (the “Promised Land”). At the beginning of Exodus (1:7) we find out that Abraham’s descendants have indeed become very numerous in Egypt, and now, in Exod 3, we observe God acting to fulfill his promise to Abraham’s descendants, by preparing for them a deliverer, Moses. God acts here to keep his covenant. That is the point of the repetition of his title as the “God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob,” that is, the God who made a covenant with the Patriarchs.
Moses was introduced in Exod 2, and we remember his backstory: set to float in the Nile as an infant, he was found and raised by Pharaoh’s daughter, and seemed destined for a position of influence at court. However, his rash temper got the best of him, he slew an Egyptian taskmaster, and had to flee Egypt as a traitor and murderer. Was God’s “Plan A” for the salvation of Israel that Moses would use his influence at court, when the time came, to free the people peacably? Did Moses’ temper derail “Plan A”? If so, it would not be the only time in salvation history in which God worked with the mistakes and failings of his human partners, and adapted his plan of salvation accordingly.
In any event, Moses in today’s reading has descended to the lowly position of a shepherd, an occupation so despised in Egyptian culture that they would not even eat with such men (Gen 43:32). In the midst of his humble existence, however, God reveals himself to Moses. The flame of God’s presence—in a sense, the same flame that shown in the torch and burning fire pot from last week—appears once more, in a bush. Moses steps aside to see the bush, and finds himself in the very presence of God.
After being commissioned by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt, Moses asks to know God’s Name.
A word is necessary about the concept of the “name” in Hebrew thought. The ancient Israelites did not have developed philosophical schools or terminology, but that does not mean they were incapable of profound thought, both theologically and philosophically. In Hebrew culture, the “name” designated the essence or being of the person, not simply a phonetic unit used as his or her label. For this reason, there are several passages of Scripture where the “name” of God or someone else is really more a description of the attributes or essence of the person than an actual title or titles (see Exod 34:5-7; Isa 9:6).
So God reveals his name to Moses as “I AM WHO AM,” that is to say, “I am the one truly existent one; I am the God who exists, who IS.” By implication, the other gods do not exist, or at least, they do not exist as God, even if they have some lesser existence as demons or spirits. While the later Greek philosophical concept of a “necessary being” was not developed at this point, God is identifying himself to Moses as the one Necessary Being, the one who exists of Himself, and therefore the source of existence for all other beings.
If we read the broader context of both passages, we see the connection between last week’s First Reading and this week’s. Last week, when God made the covenant with Abraham, he predicted to Abraham that his descendants would go down to Egypt an become very numerous there, until God led them out into the Land of Canaan (the “Promised Land”). At the beginning of Exodus (1:7) we find out that Abraham’s descendants have indeed become very numerous in Egypt, and now, in Exod 3, we observe God acting to fulfill his promise to Abraham’s descendants, by preparing for them a deliverer, Moses. God acts here to keep his covenant. That is the point of the repetition of his title as the “God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob,” that is, the God who made a covenant with the Patriarchs.
Moses was introduced in Exod 2, and we remember his backstory: set to float in the Nile as an infant, he was found and raised by Pharaoh’s daughter, and seemed destined for a position of influence at court. However, his rash temper got the best of him, he slew an Egyptian taskmaster, and had to flee Egypt as a traitor and murderer. Was God’s “Plan A” for the salvation of Israel that Moses would use his influence at court, when the time came, to free the people peacably? Did Moses’ temper derail “Plan A”? If so, it would not be the only time in salvation history in which God worked with the mistakes and failings of his human partners, and adapted his plan of salvation accordingly.
In any event, Moses in today’s reading has descended to the lowly position of a shepherd, an occupation so despised in Egyptian culture that they would not even eat with such men (Gen 43:32). In the midst of his humble existence, however, God reveals himself to Moses. The flame of God’s presence—in a sense, the same flame that shown in the torch and burning fire pot from last week—appears once more, in a bush. Moses steps aside to see the bush, and finds himself in the very presence of God.
After being commissioned by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt, Moses asks to know God’s Name.
A word is necessary about the concept of the “name” in Hebrew thought. The ancient Israelites did not have developed philosophical schools or terminology, but that does not mean they were incapable of profound thought, both theologically and philosophically. In Hebrew culture, the “name” designated the essence or being of the person, not simply a phonetic unit used as his or her label. For this reason, there are several passages of Scripture where the “name” of God or someone else is really more a description of the attributes or essence of the person than an actual title or titles (see Exod 34:5-7; Isa 9:6).
So God reveals his name to Moses as “I AM WHO AM,” that is to say, “I am the one truly existent one; I am the God who exists, who IS.” By implication, the other gods do not exist, or at least, they do not exist as God, even if they have some lesser existence as demons or spirits. While the later Greek philosophical concept of a “necessary being” was not developed at this point, God is identifying himself to Moses as the one Necessary Being, the one who exists of Himself, and therefore the source of existence for all other beings.
When Richard Dawkins and other new
atheists snidely ask the question, “Who made God?”, they are only showing a
kind of adolescent ignorance of what the philosophical and theological concept
of “God” is. God is, by definition, the
eternal being, a being who has always existed and has not coming into existence
because of some prior or greater cause.
Logically, there must be some
such being, because the only other alternative for the origin of the cosmos is
an infinite regression of temporary causes, which is simply not possible. An infinite regression of causes is a logical impossibility, the worst kind of
impossibility, like a square circle or a married bachelor (on this see Fr. Robert Spitzer). We can know with certainty, therefore, that
there is a God, understood as an
eternal being that brings other things into existence but is not Himself
brought into existence by any other thing.
Although God’s true “name” is “I AM WHO AM,” the name given to Moses by which the Israelites were to refer to God is actually a form of the Hebrew verb “to be” meaning “HE IS.” This name is spelled, in Hebrew, with the consonants YHWH. In some older English Bibles, this name was transliterated as “Jehovah” (more on that later). In most current English Bibles, the divine name YHWH is rendered by the English LORD in all caps.
The second commandment forbids the misuse of God’s name. Later in Jewish history (after the Babylonian exile), the Jews stopped using God’s name at all, in order to avoid ever misusing it. When the divine name YHWH was encountered while reading the Scriptures aloud, they would say instead the Hebrew word adonai, “Lord.” This is the origin of our use of the word “Lord” as a title for God and Jesus Christ.
Now about that term “Jehovah.” Ancient Hebrew was only written with consonants. In the middle ages, Jewish scribes developed a way of writing in the vowels which, up till then, had largely been preserved only through oral tradition. However, scribal practice was to leave all consonants of the ancient text intact, while writing the vowels of what was actually pronounced in worship. For this reason, Jewish scribes wrote the Hebrew vowels of adonai onto the divine name consonants “YHWH” (or “JHVH” in old English and German) and this appeared (in older English) as the name “JeHoVaH.” However, this is certainly not how the ancient name of God was pronounced. Scholars suggest it sounded like “Yahweh,” but Christian tradition follows the example of Jesus, the Apostles, and Judaism in using the title “Lord” (Lat. dominus) instead of the phonetic name of God. This is why the name “Yahweh” is not used in the Catholic liturgy.
In the New Testament, Jesus identifies himself as YHWH, as the great I AM. He does this especially in the Gospel of John, most notably at the end of John 8, where he declares to the crowd debating with him, “Before Abraham was, I AM!” The crowd correctly realizes that this is a divine claim, and thinking him to be blaspheming, they take up stones against him.
Although God’s true “name” is “I AM WHO AM,” the name given to Moses by which the Israelites were to refer to God is actually a form of the Hebrew verb “to be” meaning “HE IS.” This name is spelled, in Hebrew, with the consonants YHWH. In some older English Bibles, this name was transliterated as “Jehovah” (more on that later). In most current English Bibles, the divine name YHWH is rendered by the English LORD in all caps.
The second commandment forbids the misuse of God’s name. Later in Jewish history (after the Babylonian exile), the Jews stopped using God’s name at all, in order to avoid ever misusing it. When the divine name YHWH was encountered while reading the Scriptures aloud, they would say instead the Hebrew word adonai, “Lord.” This is the origin of our use of the word “Lord” as a title for God and Jesus Christ.
Now about that term “Jehovah.” Ancient Hebrew was only written with consonants. In the middle ages, Jewish scribes developed a way of writing in the vowels which, up till then, had largely been preserved only through oral tradition. However, scribal practice was to leave all consonants of the ancient text intact, while writing the vowels of what was actually pronounced in worship. For this reason, Jewish scribes wrote the Hebrew vowels of adonai onto the divine name consonants “YHWH” (or “JHVH” in old English and German) and this appeared (in older English) as the name “JeHoVaH.” However, this is certainly not how the ancient name of God was pronounced. Scholars suggest it sounded like “Yahweh,” but Christian tradition follows the example of Jesus, the Apostles, and Judaism in using the title “Lord” (Lat. dominus) instead of the phonetic name of God. This is why the name “Yahweh” is not used in the Catholic liturgy.
In the New Testament, Jesus identifies himself as YHWH, as the great I AM. He does this especially in the Gospel of John, most notably at the end of John 8, where he declares to the crowd debating with him, “Before Abraham was, I AM!” The crowd correctly realizes that this is a divine claim, and thinking him to be blaspheming, they take up stones against him.
After the Babylonian Exile (587-537
BC), the Jews began to avoid pronouncing the holy name of God, and in time it
seems that only the High Priest was authorized to pronounce the name, and he
did so only on high holy days. When
Jewish worshipers heard the holy name of God pronounced, they would fall down
in worship. St. Paul seems to have this
practice in mind when he says:
Phil.
2:9 Therefore God has highly exalted him and bestowed on him the name which is
above every name, 10 that at the name of
Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven and on earth and under the earth, 11 and every tongue confess that Jesus Christ
is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
“Jesus” is the new “Holy Name” that
reveals who God is in his existence. Not
only is he the God of the philosophers, the eternal self-existent necessary
being, but he is the one who loves you and I so much as to die for us to prove
his love and invite us to share eternity with him.
2. The Responsorial Psalm is Ps 103: 1-2, 3-4, 6-7, 8, 11:
R. (8a) The
Lord is kind and merciful.
Bless the LORD, O my soul;
and all my being, bless his holy name.
Bless the LORD, O my soul,
and forget not all his benefits.
R. The Lord is kind and merciful.
He pardons all your iniquities,
heals all your ills,
He redeems your life from destruction,
crowns you with kindness and compassion.
R. The Lord is kind and merciful.
The LORD secures justice
and the rights of all the oppressed.
He has made known his ways to Moses,
and his deeds to the children of Israel.
R. The Lord is kind and merciful.
Merciful and gracious is the LORD,
slow to anger and abounding in kindness.
For as the heavens are high above the earth,
so surpassing is his kindness toward those who fear him.
R. The Lord is kind and merciful.
Bless the LORD, O my soul;
and all my being, bless his holy name.
Bless the LORD, O my soul,
and forget not all his benefits.
R. The Lord is kind and merciful.
He pardons all your iniquities,
heals all your ills,
He redeems your life from destruction,
crowns you with kindness and compassion.
R. The Lord is kind and merciful.
The LORD secures justice
and the rights of all the oppressed.
He has made known his ways to Moses,
and his deeds to the children of Israel.
R. The Lord is kind and merciful.
Merciful and gracious is the LORD,
slow to anger and abounding in kindness.
For as the heavens are high above the earth,
so surpassing is his kindness toward those who fear him.
R. The Lord is kind and merciful.
Although it’s not apparent at first
glance, the Responsorial is related to the theme of God’s Name. Years
later, Moses will ask God to reveal himself at Mount Sinai. God agrees to
place Moses in a cleft in the rock while he causes his Presence to pass by, and
while He is passing by,
“He
... proclaimed the Name of the LORD (YHWH) ... and proclaimed, ‘The LORD, the
LORD, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast
love and faithfulness, keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving iniquity
and transgression and sin ...” (Exod 34:5-7)
This is a classic example of an
instance in which the “name” of God is, in fact, a description of his
attributes or character or “nature,” so to speak. In a sense, the name “LORD”
is mercy and grace, steadfast love and faithfulness and
forgiveness. This is one of the biblical sources for the common saying, “God’s
greatest attribute is his mercy.”
Getting back to Psalm 103, let’s observe that this Psalm incorporates part of the “Name of the LORD” from Exodus 34:5-7 in Ps 103:8: “The LORD is merciful and gracious, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love.” An abbreviation of this verse is employed as our refrain in worship.
Getting back to Psalm 103, let’s observe that this Psalm incorporates part of the “Name of the LORD” from Exodus 34:5-7 in Ps 103:8: “The LORD is merciful and gracious, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love.” An abbreviation of this verse is employed as our refrain in worship.
How appropriate this is in the Year
of Mercy! It’s a wonderful thing to be
able to reason to the existence of God at least as an eternal, all-powerful,
intelligent being. Anyone with a high
school education can be trained in the logical steps that lead unfailingly to
that conclusion. But how much more
wonderful to have it revealed that God is much more than that, he is a Person
abounding in love, compassion, and mercy!
That is beyond anything that we could attain by reason and logic alone.
3. The Second Reading is 1 Cor 10:1-6, 10-1:
I do not want
you to be unaware, brothers and sisters,
that our ancestors were all under the cloud
and all passed through the sea,
and all of them were baptized into Moses
in the cloud and in the sea.
All ate the same spiritual food,
and all drank the same spiritual drink,
for they drank from a spiritual rock that followed them,
and the rock was the Christ.
Yet God was not pleased with most of them,
for they were struck down in the desert.
These things happened as examples for us,
so that we might not desire evil things, as they did.
Do not grumble as some of them did,
and suffered death by the destroyer.
These things happened to them as an example,
and they have been written down as a warning to us,
upon whom the end of the ages has come.
Therefore, whoever thinks he is standing secure
should take care not to fall.
that our ancestors were all under the cloud
and all passed through the sea,
and all of them were baptized into Moses
in the cloud and in the sea.
All ate the same spiritual food,
and all drank the same spiritual drink,
for they drank from a spiritual rock that followed them,
and the rock was the Christ.
Yet God was not pleased with most of them,
for they were struck down in the desert.
These things happened as examples for us,
so that we might not desire evil things, as they did.
Do not grumble as some of them did,
and suffered death by the destroyer.
These things happened to them as an example,
and they have been written down as a warning to us,
upon whom the end of the ages has come.
Therefore, whoever thinks he is standing secure
should take care not to fall.
This Second Reading serves to remind
us of the “rest of the story” of Moses: the crossing of the Red Sea, following
the pillar of cloud in the wilderness, the miraculous provision of water from
the rock, and the many rebellions in the desert (see Num 11–21 & 25).
There is a moral sense for the contemporary believer in all these events: they
happened “as examples.” In the rebellious Israelites in the wilderness,
so quick to forget God’s blessings and to lose faith, we see our own
tendencies, and take warning. At Easter, the catechumens will experience
true Baptism and with them we will “drink from the rock that is Christ” (the
Eucharistic blood). May we be more faithful than those of old.
4. Our Gospel is from Luke, an account of Jesus’ teaching during the “Travel Narrative”, the long journey of Jesus toward Jerusalem that began shortly after the Transfiguration and takes up most of Luke 9–19:
4. Our Gospel is from Luke, an account of Jesus’ teaching during the “Travel Narrative”, the long journey of Jesus toward Jerusalem that began shortly after the Transfiguration and takes up most of Luke 9–19:
Some people told
Jesus about the Galileans
whose blood Pilate had mingled with the blood of their sacrifices.
Jesus said to them in reply,
“Do you think that because these Galileans suffered in this way
they were greater sinners than all other Galileans?
By no means!
But I tell you, if you do not repent,
you will all perish as they did!
Or those eighteen people who were killed
when the tower at Siloam fell on them—
do you think they were more guilty
than everyone else who lived in Jerusalem?
By no means!
But I tell you, if you do not repent,
you will all perish as they did!” (Luke 13:1-5)
whose blood Pilate had mingled with the blood of their sacrifices.
Jesus said to them in reply,
“Do you think that because these Galileans suffered in this way
they were greater sinners than all other Galileans?
By no means!
But I tell you, if you do not repent,
you will all perish as they did!
Or those eighteen people who were killed
when the tower at Siloam fell on them—
do you think they were more guilty
than everyone else who lived in Jerusalem?
By no means!
But I tell you, if you do not repent,
you will all perish as they did!” (Luke 13:1-5)
Jesus refers to some particular
tragedies that had taken place recently and were fresh on the mind of his
contemporaries. The historian Josephus,
our main source for the history of the times, does not record either of these
events, but the atrocities against the Galileans mentioned here are in keeping
with Pontius Pilate’s known character, at least with his heavy-handed style of
governance early in his tenure as governor (see Josephus’ Jewish War 2:169-177),
before the unrest and dissatisfaction under his rule began to weaken his
position with the imperial court, which wanted a Judean governor who would keep
the populace quiet and taxable.
Jesus is rebuking a tendency among the Jews of his day, including his disciples, to see one’s fate in death, whether favorable or unfavorable, as a divine assessment of the righteousness of one’s life. In the Kingdom of Heaven, things are reversed. Those who die in persecution may in fact be “blessed” (Matt 5:10-12).
Jesus is rebuking a tendency among the Jews of his day, including his disciples, to see one’s fate in death, whether favorable or unfavorable, as a divine assessment of the righteousness of one’s life. In the Kingdom of Heaven, things are reversed. Those who die in persecution may in fact be “blessed” (Matt 5:10-12).
And he told them this parable:
“There once was a person who had a fig tree planted in his orchard,
and when he came in search of fruit on it but found none,
he said to the gardener,
‘For three years now I have come in search of fruit on this fig tree
but have found none.
So cut it down.
Why should it exhaust the soil?’
He said to him in reply,
‘Sir, leave it for this year also,
and I shall cultivate the ground around it and fertilize it;
it may bear fruit in the future.
If not you can cut it down.’”
The fig tree is, in the first
instance, a symbol of the City of Jerusalem, which Jesus is about to
visit. When he comes, he will not find the fruit of repentance
there. As a result, the city will ultimately be destroyed (in a sense, destroy
itself) in AD 70.
On the other hand, the fig tree is a type of each one of us, and a warning to us. The LORD is gracious and merciful, as the earlier readings have proclaimed, but there is a practical limit to the time this “window” of grace is open to us. We only have this short life to take advantage of God’s mercy and begin to bear the fruit of repentance.
What does it mean to bear fruit? In the New Testament, “fruit” are commonly the virtues that demonstrate interior righteousness, as in the “fruit of the Spirit”: love, joy, peace, patience, goodness, kindness, gentleness, faithfulness, and self control (Gal 5:22). However, “fruit” may also refer to reproducing one’s faith in others, that is, in bringing others to salvation. This may be the sense of “fruit” in John 15:1-16.
On the other hand, the fig tree is a type of each one of us, and a warning to us. The LORD is gracious and merciful, as the earlier readings have proclaimed, but there is a practical limit to the time this “window” of grace is open to us. We only have this short life to take advantage of God’s mercy and begin to bear the fruit of repentance.
What does it mean to bear fruit? In the New Testament, “fruit” are commonly the virtues that demonstrate interior righteousness, as in the “fruit of the Spirit”: love, joy, peace, patience, goodness, kindness, gentleness, faithfulness, and self control (Gal 5:22). However, “fruit” may also refer to reproducing one’s faith in others, that is, in bringing others to salvation. This may be the sense of “fruit” in John 15:1-16.
We can take St. Paul’s words from
Galatians as almost an explanation of what Jesus is telling us in the parable
of the fig tree:
Gal.
5:16 But I say, walk by the Spirit, and do not gratify the desires
of the flesh. 17 For the desires of the
flesh are against the Spirit, and the desires of the Spirit are against the
flesh; for these are opposed to each other, to prevent you from doing what you
would. 18 But if you are led by the
Spirit you are not under the law. 19 Now
the works of the flesh are plain: fornication, impurity, licentiousness, 20 idolatry, sorcery, enmity, strife,
jealousy, anger, selfishness, dissension, party spirit, 21 envy, drunkenness, carousing, and the
like. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things shall
not inherit the kingdom of God. 22 But
the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness,
faithfulness, 23 gentleness,
self-control; against such there is no law.
24 And those who belong to Christ Jesus have crucified the flesh with
its passions and desires.
In this week’s Gospel, the Church is urging us to take advantage of God’s mercy in this holy season of Lent truly to change our lives around, to be converted and bear fruit pleasing to God. Our practices of self-denial and mortification are ways by which we “crucify the flesh with its passions and desires,” so that we can truly be free to live out those virtues that Scripture identifies as the fruit of the Holy Spirit.
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